Citizenship routes
Investment, naturalisation and family-based pathways—with their conditions and trade-offs.
Canadian citizenship
Naturalisation requires a real residence history; investment and a permanent-resident card are not substitutes.
United States citizenship
Citizenship is generally the end of a qualifying process, with lasting rights and tax consequences.
Antigua and Barbuda citizenship by investment: family, costs and the application
Antigua and BarbudaCompare the contribution and investment routes, calculate the charges for your family, and understand the evidence, decision process and obligations after citizenship.
Dominica citizenship by investment
DominicaA documented application through an authorised agent, with a contribution or approved real-estate route.
Grenada citizenship by investment: costs, family rules and the E-2 distinction
GrenadaUnderstand the contribution and approved-project routes, age-specific family charges, interviews, source-of-funds evidence and the rights and obligations after citizenship.
Saint Kitts and Nevis citizenship programme
Saint Kitts and NevisPublished contribution terms must be read alongside the programme’s stated 2026 transition.
Saint Lucia citizenship by investment
Saint LuciaCompare contribution, bond and approved-project routes using current terms, not older FAQ prices.
Panamanian citizenship
Residence through investment and citizenship through naturalisation are separate stages with different evidence.
Costa Rican citizenship by residence
A documented residence and integration process with a separate timetable from immigration permission.
Uruguayan legal citizenship
Habitual residence, means of support and local ties matter more than the age of a residence card.
Mexican citizenship by naturalisation
A qualifying residence history, current documents and examinations form part of the process.
Paraguayan naturalisation
A judicial process based on qualifying permanent residence and documented ties, with electronic filing beginning in October 2026.
Türkiye citizenship by investment
TürkiyeAn investment nationality route where qualifying assets, source of funds and independent investment diligence all matter.
Vanuatu investment citizenship
VanuatuA programme comparison must use current nationality requirements and the changed EU and UK travel position.
UAE nationality: distinguish nomination from residence
The UAE’s long-term residence schemes provide immigration status under their conditions.
Singapore citizenship: a long-term settlement decision
ICA permits certain adult permanent residents to apply after at least two years as a PR, with separate categories for spouses, children and other applicants.
Hong Kong permanent residence and HKSAR passports
Right of abode in Hong Kong is not the same as Chinese nationality.
Australian citizenship by conferral and descent
Australia has citizenship routes including conferral for eligible residents and descent for some people born abroad to an Australian parent.
New Zealand citizenship: presence, not just investor status
An investor can satisfy a residence visa with relatively limited time in New Zealand, but citizenship normally requires a much deeper residence history.
South Korean naturalisation and nationality planning
The Korean government’s practical-law guidance describes general naturalisation with requirements including at least five years of residence, the requisite residence status, adulthood, good conduct, means of support and integration.
Türkiye citizenship pathways
Nationality may arise through descent, ordinary naturalisation, marriage-related provisions or a qualifying investment route, depending on the circumstances.
Vanuatu citizenship: ordinary and investment routes
The Citizenship Office describes ordinary routes including naturalisation, entitlement, marriage-related applications and regain, alongside investment or contribution programmes.
Citizenship by investment & donation
Compare the major investment and donation programmes, plan the family application and coordinate the agreed implementation.
Antigua and Barbuda citizenship: routes, family and requirements
Antigua and Barbuda has citizenship routes through family connections, qualifying residence and its investment programme. Start by establishing whether an existing family entitlement applies: an investment application should not be the default when registration through a parent or spouse is available.
Dominica citizenship: routes, family and requirements
Dominica offers family and residence-based citizenship as well as investment citizenship. The most suitable route depends on existing nationality connections, actual residence and the purpose of obtaining a second citizenship. Dominica is a different country from the Dominican Republic; their immigration and nationality rules should never be combined.
Grenada citizenship: routes, family and requirements
Grenadian citizenship can arise through nationality connections, marriage, qualifying residence or an approved investment application. These routes use different legal tests and different files. An applicant should compare existing eligibility before choosing a contribution or property investment.
Saint Kitts and Nevis citizenship: routes, family and requirements
Saint Kitts and Nevis has constitutional family routes, residence-based citizenship and investment citizenship. The relevant legal basis determines the evidence, timing and continuing obligations. A comparison should not collapse them into a single passport processing time.
Saint Lucia citizenship: routes, family and requirements
Saint Lucia’s ordinary citizenship rules and investment citizenship programme must be read separately. This matters for residence duration, family inclusion and dual nationality. A statement that the investment programme permits a second citizenship does not answer the renunciation question for ordinary naturalisation.
Malaysia citizenship: naturalisation and family routes
Malaysian naturalisation is a demanding residence and integration route, not an automatic consequence of MM2H membership or property ownership. The citizenship decision also requires confronting Malaysia’s restriction on dual nationality before building a long-term plan around a second passport.
Indonesia citizenship: naturalisation and family routes
Indonesia has ordinary naturalisation, a marriage-related declaration route and specific citizenship-by-parentage rules. Investment and long-stay visas are immigration permissions. They do not sell Indonesian citizenship or remove the adult dual-nationality restriction.
Thailand citizenship: naturalisation and family routes
Thai citizenship should be planned as a separate legal route from DTV, Long-Term Resident or Thailand Privilege permission. A long visa term does not establish citizenship eligibility. Ordinary naturalisation examines domicile, work and income history, character and language, with specific exemptions for defined applicants.
Italy citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Portugal citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Spain citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Cyprus citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Malta citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Greece citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Bulgaria citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Switzerland citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
United Kingdom citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Ireland citizenship: routes and requirements
Separate nationality entitlement, residence requirements and the passport that follows.
Malta citizenship: current routes after investment naturalisation changes
The former investment model and the current merit provisions must not be presented as interchangeable products.
Irish citizenship by residence: reckonable years and application process
IrelandA residence-and-evidence pathway where the type of permission and travel history matter.
Andorran citizenship: residence, family and the 2026 reform
Understand naturalisation, marriage, parentage, children and the restrictions on holding another nationality.
Armenian citizenship: ancestry, residence, marriage and dual nationality
Understand the legal routes, family evidence, 2026 electronic application and obligations of Armenian nationality.
Austrian citizenship: residence, descent and dual-nationality limits
Compare the ordinary and earlier routes, family conditions and the consequences for existing citizenships.
Belgian citizenship: residence, family and declaration routes
Understand the qualifying years, evidence and the difference between ordinary declaration and exceptional naturalisation.
BVI Belonger status, BOTC and British citizenship
Understand BVI Belonger status, British overseas territories citizenship, British citizenship, marriage, descent and the separate rules for children.
Caymanian status, BOTC and British citizenship
Understand naturalisation, descent, family routes and the 2026 changes without confusing local status with British nationality.
British citizenship through residence in Jersey
Understand the nationality framework, settlement prerequisites and evidence without treating housing approval as citizenship.
British citizenship and residence in Guernsey
Nationality, immigration settlement and local housing rights are separate; build the evidence for the route that actually applies.
Czech citizenship: residence, descent and family routes
Distinguish ordinary naturalisation, marriage-related waivers and declaration eligibility before building a nationality plan.
Danish citizenship: descent, naturalisation and family rules
Understand residence and family conditions, dual nationality, the age-22 retention issue and the published naturalisation processing pause.
Estonian citizenship: descent, naturalisation and family decisions
Understand the residence and language requirements, and the limits on retaining another nationality.
Finnish citizenship: naturalisation, family, descent and declarations
Understand residence, language, support, dual nationality, children and the 2027 civic-knowledge change before preparing an application.
French citizenship: residence, marriage and descent
Understand the routes, 2026 language and civics changes, family effects and dual-nationality rules.
Georgian citizenship: residence, marriage and exceptional routes
Plan the qualifying residence and nationality consequences without confusing investment residence with a passport.
German citizenship: descent, naturalisation, marriage and dual nationality
Compare the current nationality routes, the evidence each requires and the difference between a qualifying date and an actual grant.
Gibraltar status and British nationality
Separate residence permission, Gibraltarian status, British overseas territories citizenship and British citizenship.
British citizenship through residence in the Isle of Man
Manx residence and employment status are distinct from British nationality and a passport application.
Hungarian citizenship
Understand ancestry, marriage and residence routes—and when the qualifying residence period starts.
Icelandic citizenship: residence, ancestry, marriage and children
Understand qualifying residence, family ages, dual nationality, language evidence and the application sequence for Icelandic citizenship.
Japanese citizenship: eligibility, nationality choices and the 2026 review policy
The statutory residence conditions, the new general ten-year integration review, family exceptions and what naturalisation changes.
Latvian citizenship: routes, family and dual nationality
Understand naturalisation, historic registration, children and which other citizenships can be retained.
Lithuanian citizenship: ancestry, residence and family
Compare restoration, naturalisation, marriage and the limits on dual citizenship.
Luxembourg citizenship: residence, marriage and descent
Understand which nationality route fits your history and which conditions still need to be met.
Mauritius citizenship: the route matters
Understand residence, investment, marriage and nationality rules before expecting a passport.
Dutch citizenship: naturalisation, family routes and retaining other nationalities
Understand the current residence requirement and the conditions that matter before planning a second passport.
Norwegian citizenship: residence, family and dual nationality
Compare ordinary naturalisation, shorter qualifying routes, descent and the retention rules for children born abroad.
Omani citizenship: the 2025 law, family routes and dual-nationality limits
Understand descent, naturalisation and marriage under the current law, separate from Golden Residency.
Polish citizenship: descent, residence and family routes
Distinguish confirmation of existing nationality, recognition after residence and a discretionary presidential grant.
Qatari citizenship: descent, naturalisation, marriage and dual nationality
A route-specific guide to a restricted nationality system, distinct from residence and property benefits.
Romanian citizenship: residence, family and ancestry
Understand the current eight-year route, marriage provisions, ancestry evidence and the 2026 filing transition.
Swedish citizenship after the 2026 changes
Understand the current residence periods, income and knowledge requirements, marriage, children and dual nationality.
Bahamian citizenship: birth, descent, marriage and naturalisation
Understand parentage, application windows, family distinctions, multiple nationality and why investment residence is not citizenship.